The Psychological Positivism Theory On All Of The Mental...

The psychological positivism theory concentrates on all of the mental aspects of why an individual commits a crime, and associates it with their intelligence, personality, learning, and criminal behaviour. It looks at the determinations, thoughts, intentions and reactions of criminals and all that contributes in the criminal behaviour. Explanations of criminal behaviour were explained by looking at the work of Sigmund Freud (1956-1939). He established the psychoanalytical model in which he believed that a human progresses, early in life. Freud discusses that the human personality has three sets of interacting forces. These include the id, the ego and the superego. These are three components in a human personality that pledge them to behave in the manner they do and make individuals they are. Firstly Freud believes that humans are born with their id. He suggests that the id holds importance for personality. The id allows a new-born to get its desires met by crying. Freud mentions that the id is set on getting pleasure and the id wants whatever feels good despite the circumstances. In addition to this Freud had mentioned the second component of the personality develops. This is known as the ego, it understands feeling and emotions of others and takes them into account. Freud then suggest that the ego meets the needs of the id, at the same time looking at the reality of the condition. Lastly Freud mentions that when a child is five the development of the third personalityShow MoreRelatedThe Criminal Justice System1700 Words   |  7 PagesCriminal Justice System to effectively deter crime, it is imperative to understand what causes crime, understand why crime exists and why offenders engage in criminal behaviour. In the 18th century criminologists such as Jeremy Bentham, Cesare Bonesana-Beccaria and Cesare Lombroso all established criminological theories, in an attempt to achieve this goal. The most influential theories are known as the Classical and Positivist p erspectives. Both of these theories have had a long-term influence on the currentRead MoreCriminology Theories1039 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Criminology† is the study of crime from a social perspective by researching the nature and management of crime and the social impact of crime on society involving the causes and consequences behind the matter. This is a generalised explanation of what â€Å"Criminology† involves as it is too difficult to create an exact definition because the topic is so complex from continuous growing historical roots and evolving theories which will be explored within the main body of this essay. It is said by SutherlandRead MoreCesare Lombroso s Role As A Criminology Thinker1115 Words   |  5 Pagesflag bearer of biological positivism and was mainly influential in Europe and North America. His proposition was that there needs to e an understanding of the criminal. This was to be done before we criticize the crime itself. (1912, pg.15). His book Criminal Man was one of his renowned works. His work was greatly influenced by that of Charles Darwin as he was a supporter of the evolution theory as suggested by Newburn (Newburn 2007). Lombroso was and advocate for positivism. He studied the biologicalRead MoreThe Media Coverage Of Oscar Pistorius Case1462 Words   |  6 PagesEssay (CRM 1410) The media coverage of Oscar Pistorius case The theory that I will discuss for my essay is called psychological positivism. Psychological positivism is a theory, which suggest that there is criminal personality that resides in the minds of the criminals. The theory was designed by Austrian neurologist called Sigmund Freud. He believed that some people committed crime due to certain internal factors that one had little or no control over. These internal factors can be formed dueRead MoreThe Case Of Jeffrey Dahmer Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pagesperson and who they are. Does where a person lives and the environment they are in constantly influence them to commit crime? Is it the genetic makeup of the person that makes a more probable chance for them to commit a crime? â€Å"Drilling into the skull of a young man he began to funnel a stream of sulfuric acid into the head of his unconscious victim to create a zombie to fulfill all of his fantasies. Dead within a day, he mummified the head of his victim placing it in the freezer beside the skullsRead MoreCriminal Justice Final Exam2621 Words   |  11 Pagesnecessary aspect of every society since â€Å"Laws are the conditions under which independent and isolated men united to form a society† (Beccaria, 1764: 16). In order words, crime control deals with the methods that are taken by a society to reduce its crime. As a matter of fact, there are various crime control strategies from community policing to risk assessments. In addition to the different tactics for controlling crime, there are several theories that not only attempt to explain the causes of crime, butRead MoreOutline and Discuss in Detail the Various Theories Used by Psychologists to Explain Criminal Behaviour. by Applying Evidence to Support Your Argument, How Relevant Do You Consider These to Be?2397 Words   |  10 Pagesfollowing essay will outline and discuss the various theories used by psychologists to explain criminal behaviour. According to White and Haines 2008 crime was seen as the result of externally caused biological problems or internal psychological factors that were treatable. They believe the criminal was made, not born. Psychological theories tend to focus on how characteristics of an individual lead to criminal behaviour, however these theories may also be irrelevant, challenge existing thinkingRead MoreCrime Is a Social Construct1370 Words   |  6 PagesCrime is a social construct Discuss. This composition will look at crime and its different criminological interpretations. Crime is an umbrella word which covers a diverse range of issues and is dependant upon the theoretical stand point of the writer. Although the wordings of the explanations differ, the implications are consistent (Newburn, 2007. Doherty, 2005). Mclaughlin et al (2006) seems the most relevant for the purpose. They separate crime into three key constituent parts. These are harmRead MoreFemale Juvenile Delinquency Essay2679 Words   |  11 Pagesjuvenile delinquency: What went wrong with â€Å"Sugar and Spice and all things nice†? Ariana Kalaitzaki S2760178 Griffith University Abstract This review addresses major questions around female juvenile delinquency, around which much contemporary research is oriented. These involve which factors are contributing to female juvenile delinquency and what causes female juveniles to display criminal behaviour in the first place. Theories and risk factors will be identified. Although research in the pastRead MoreCore Issues in Crime and Punishment3260 Words   |  14 Pagesinteresting and honest insight into his life of crime and incarceration. The autobiography, written from inside prison, is according to Boyle an attempt to warn young people that there is not anything glamorous about crime and violence. It gives a full narration of his life from a very young age, with a detailed insight into his childhood, experiences of petty crime, approved schools and borstal, right through to his adult experiences of more serious crime, violence and adult prisons, including his interpretation

Cognitive Behavior Therapy And Family Based Treatment

Anorexia nervosa is a debilitating disorder that affects the lives of many adolescents and can serious if not fatal consequences if not treated properly (Hurst Zimmer-Gembeck, 2015; Wilson, Grilo, Vitousek, 2007; Westwood Kendal, 2012; Grave, Calugi, Ghoch, Conti Fairburn, 2014). Two interventions that are often used in the treatment of AN are cognitive behavior therapy and family based treatment. Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and family based treatment (FBT) can either be used separately or in conjunction depending on the patient’s response and the degree of the disorder (Doyle, Le Grange, Loeb, Doyle, Crosby, 2012; Lock et al., 2015; Madden et al., 2015). CBT aims to decease the symptoms of anorexia nervosa by changing the†¦show more content†¦Categorically, adolescents with anorexia nervosa have a chronic low body weight and are below 85 percent of their expected body weight (Lock, Fitzpatrick, 2007). Anorexia nervosa is most commonly diagnosed in adolesce nts, an age that can increase the risks of malnutrition, weight loss, osteoporosis, growth arrest, and absent puberty. Anorexia nervosa can damage an adolescent’s identity, and has the highest death rates of any psychiatric illness (Aspen Boutelle, 2013; Grave et al., 2014). Adolescents that suffer from anorexia nervosa tend to be perfectionists causing them to focus on negative beliefs, fear of failure, and fear of disapproval. They are often high achievers, are inflexible and rigid in their thinking, and see their symptoms as achievements (Hurst Zimmer- Gembeck, 2015; Westwood Kendal, 2012). Three themes emerge in anorexia nervosa patients: control, tensions between the client’s wants and the clinical intervention, and therapeutic alliance (Westwood Kendal, 2012). For patients, anorexia nervosa both controls them and gives them control. Patients are torn between trying to overcome their disorder and enjoying the control they have over their body. Clients being treated for anorexia nervosa are challenged during treatment because they need to address both their physical and psychological needs (Westwood Kendal, 2012). They want to have a say during their

English Attitudes and Beliefs

Question: Discuss about theEnglishfor Attitudes and Beliefs. Answer: Human beings have their set of beliefs, attitudes and beliefs that guide their actions throughout their life span. Family and community equally contribute to these fundamental values, and some might consider not changing these values in later stages in life (Alfano and Rnnow-Rasmussen 2013). The present essay is based on a fundamental value that I have and that I do not think would change. The core value that has been selected for this purpose is honesty that I have integrated within myself and did not want to transform. I am a 24-year-old student pursuing my degree in banking and finance. I have always believed that honesty is a positive personal feature that helps in achieving desired outcomes in all spheres of life. I value honesty since following this principle guides me to keep the social and internal peace. The saying that honesty is the best policy is true to every extent since trust can be earned from the ones who hold importance in our lives. Baker et al. (2016) have stated that honesty enables a person to be driven by the urge to keep promises, take up the responsibility for all actions, good and bad, and instils confidence within ownself. In addition, having an honest approach often clears the path for communications so that assurance can be generated. Simple and plain truth is reflected in all actions taken up by an individual, and this forms the foundation stone for establishing relationships under suitable circumstances. I have come across several instances where people have the tendenc y to distort the truth and put their credibility under risk by being dishonest. Their personal standards are thereof lowered, and their reputation is under question. These individuals resort to excuses for being dishonest and hold their ill fate or grievances to be the reason for being dishonest. In this regard, it is to be said that being honest pays off in the long run and honesty does not cost anything while dishonesty can cost an individual everything. According to Gulla (2010), the value honesty holds cannot be overstated under any condition. If an individual is dishonest, he is to expect an undesirable outcome. I belief in this thought and would agree that one needs to pay for his dishonesty at one point of time. Honesty is a fundamental value that I perceive to be significant in my life and would not change in the future. I would stand for honesty and truth as I belive in my capability and everything I represent. For me, adhering to the honesty policy would conform credibility on everything I state. For me, honesty is a way of life, and it implies that I care deeply about the relationships I have established and a prosperous career that I want to build up for myself in the near future. It means that I respect others whose opinion is of much value to me. Being honest, I believe I would get whatever I deserve in life after hard work and attempts to build loving relationships. References Alfano, M. and Rnnow-Rasmussen, T., 2013. Personal Value. Baker, A., Porter, S., ten Brinke, L. and Mundy, C., 2016. Seeing is believing: observer perceptions of trait trustworthiness predict perceptions of honesty in high-stakes emotional appeals.Psychology, Crime Law,22(9), pp.817-831. Gulla, A. 2010.Creating values in life(1st ed.). Authorhouse.

Human Computer Interaction Evaluation of Websites

Question: Write a report about the evaluation of information technology in respect to the objectives and effectiveness, features and accessibility of the websites along with the usability principles in context to Human Computer Interaction. Answer: Introduction: The following report presents the differential evaluation of two nominated websites 1: https://www.binglee.com.au and 2: https://www.kogan.com/au/ based on different aspects of information system in context to different factors like user interface design of the website, its accessibility, homepage pretest, web graphics, use of colours etc. The objective of presenting the critical evaluation of the two websites is whether the websites serving the purpose, accuracy, coverage of the respective products and other similar factors. Discussion: The nominated websites, Binglee and Kogan both are electronic stores located in Australia serves e-commerce service. The organizations are largely into the trading of electronic appliances of different variety as an online shopping option. For this purpose both the organizations have their own set and design of websites which helps to attract customers and easier way to find the products as per their requirement (Brown Gilchrist, 2016). Website of Binglee presents different tabs for its products according to the variety of the electronic appliances like computers, cameras, home appliances, small or medium size appliances, fitness/ health etc. Just below these tabs it presents a promoting tab which reflects different offers to attract buyers like products offering on discounts, tie in arrangements of products or any other promotional offer to take the clients attention. The website also presents option for catalogues, store location (for clients if they want to choose the products physically), other small or regular promotional offers followed by trending or new launched products along with the options for registration and log in facilities so that the details and information of the customers can be maintained in records (Cook, et al. 2015). On the other hand, website of Kogan presents its website for the products according to the department, which further segregates the appliances in different variety, according to brand of the appliances. The website further follows a small tab presenting the promotional offer in terms of bargains and discount options. The website additionally provides different tabs for the different class of appliances like LED TVs, Cellular phones, home appliances in terms of both brand and types of appliances. For any business websites there are certain important and vital features that every enterprise has to maintain in order to operate its online business successfully (Hashim, 2015). Hence, the evaluation in regard to the key features for both the business websites, Binglee and Kogan are mentioned below: Logical Roadmap: It is very important to present and maintain this feature for any business websites because it presents the usefulness for the users apart from making it attractive and pleasing (Le Bourgeois, et al 2016). For the purpose of search ranks in Google, it requires and considers the content and structure of the website hence it is a vital feature. In case of Binglee.com the structure of the website is according to the types of appliances and promotions along with other relevant information for the users. Whereas the website of Kogan.com presents the structure according to the department of appliances and according to brand followed by promotional offers. Business Information: Second important feature is featuring the business information of the organizations like store locations in form of directions and maps, contact details, help centre, corporate head office location etc. In the nominated website, Bingle.com the information of its store location is mention along with the direction and maps (Lee, Thomas Baskerville, 2015). While in the website of Kogan.com different information for contact is present along with the head office location. Clear Navigation: This feature is related to the location directions and maps provided in the website. It means that the map is useless if it does not provide a navigation facility to the users (Lioukas, Reuer Zollo, 2016). This facility is present in both the websites nominated for the presentation of the report. Security: Security, one of the most crucial features any website must have. It is very important for a business websites to secure its website with the relevant security certificate in terms of credit card details of users like credit card numbers, encryption details etc. In both the nominated website security in terms of online payment details and encryption is maintained (Melin-Gonzlez Bulchand-Gidumal, 2016). Social Media Promotion: in order to run an online business successfully, an important key is the promotional activity of the website (Schwalbe, 2015). These Days there are lot of social Medias has come into existence, like facebook, twitter, linkedin, pinterst, youtube etc. It is the duty of the business planner to opt and execute on these social networking sites to promote their business websites to attract as many customers. Mobile Versions: In the present era, it is very important to any application or website readily available on mobile phones or other communicating mobile appliance. Most of the users use smart phones, tablets hence it is very important to have the website operated from these gadgets. In this context both the organizations have maintained this features and the facility is readily available as mobile versions (Rivard Aubert, 2015). Good Hosting: It is very important for an organization to be a good host in case of online business operator. It clarifies that the websites are required to be updated and maintained at a regular interval. There should be hundred percent technical assistance on the website to the users as well as there should be relative link provided for the better assistance and reliability of the products of the companies (Xiang, Magnini, Fesenmaier, 2015). In case of nominated website Binglee, seems to be maintaining their website and providing good technical assistance in terms of the relative information and details of several requirements. Whereas Kogan organization has also seemed to maintain its website in consistent to technical assistance and other necessities. Moreover, apart from the aforementioned features, a business website has to eye catchy and attractive in terms to provide a good impression especially for the first time users. Use of colours, designs, encryption of data, segregation of product types etc should be in proper content so that the website becomes user friendly (Cook, et al. 2015). In case of nominated website Binglee.com the homepage seems o be quite attractive as the colours and designs used in the website are brighter and eye catchy. The giant tab reflecting different promotional offers has been designed in different colours and designsto make it more flashy and attractive. One section of the tab is designed in the red colours and balloons to flash the sale season for the users while the other tab is designed in blue and white bright colour combination to promote the tie in arrangement of products. The tab has been designed in such a way that any user will get attracted and goes through the information and details even if the user was not intended to. The other tabs of the website reflecting different types of appliances and gadgets are designed in light blue colour which is again quite attractive as its a bright colour and more eye catchy (Xiang, Magnini, Fesenmaier, 2015). Apparently, in case of the second nominated website Kogan.com the design and colours of home page is very simple compared to the first nominated website. In this website, the designer has used pastel colours for the tabs flashing department of products and brand names while the encrypted names in simple black colour, which seems little less attractive. The website further provides different tabs of its products as per the department types and brand types flashing the picture and names of the products. In comparison to the first website it does not reflect the page very attractive instead it looks pretty dull as the colours used in the pictures also are not brighter colours. Hence, even if the company privides products in simpler and user-friendly manner, it might lack in attracting new or proposed clients (Brown Gilchrist, 2016). Further, on proceeding to the particular products on each of the nominated website, it seems that Binglee is still one-step ahead. On licking the particular product on Binglee.com it flashes that particular product in a bigger picture along with the relevant information and details. Whereas in case of Kogan.com it reflects different options and varieties of that particular product with a smaller, picture and details. We can say that the organization is providing detailed information and variety of products but it is quite a longer process for users point of view. In the present conditions, users are more time saving seeker rather than any other factor hence it is not attracting users to click and choose for a particular product repeatedly (Brown Gilchrist, 2016). It can also be stated that the website of Binglee company is more concise and structured compared to Kogan company. HCI Design Principles: HCI refers to the findings of human computer interaction and guidance on its usage in order to create and design a website. In the study of Information System, there are certain principles regulating human computer interaction on its usage and utility (Cook, et al. 2015). Hence, both the nominated websites, Binglee and Kogan are required to maintain and comply the principles laid in terms of HCI in information technology system. Learnability Principle: Any organization opting for online business has to comply with the learnability principle against Human computer interaction principles (Cook, et al. 2015). It states that the website operation should provide ease of accessibility so that there can be effective and significant interaction and maximum level of performance especially to the new users. In context to the above-mentioned explanation nominated website Binglee.com and Kogan.com the hosts have complied with the learnability principle as they provide user-friendly accessibility. Even if the user is new it will not be difficult to operate these websites. However, on comparing the two websites it can be said that Kogan.com is little more structured for new users as it provides tabs for its products presenting via bigger design and image of products. While in case of Binglee.com this clarity is little less in terms of products feature. Flexibility Principle: This principle states that there should flexibility in the ways of accessing the websites between users to exchange information (Cook, et al. 2015). In case of Binglee.com and Kogan.com this feature is in compliance as both the websites places the flexibility for using the respective websites in multiple ways. Robustness Principle: This is an important principle to be followed and complied by all the business websites. It states that the there should be adequate and appropriate support for the recovery of information to the users in order to determine and accomplish successful achievement. In case of nominated websites Binglee and Kogan, it is very important for the Information Technology system team to provide and maintain this principle. There should be proper and appropriate support for recovery between the users and information system (Brown Gilchrist, 2016). Recommendations: On analyzing the surveys and principles in relation to the websites of Binglee and Kogan the required recommendation has been provided. As it is mentioned earlier that the kogan website is little dull in attracting the users in terms of its colours used in the tabs whereas Binglee.com is more attractive. Hence, Kongan entity is recommended to change its color combination to make its home page little more eye catchy. Additionally, the Kogan website is recommended to change its homepage design as well to present its product in more structured way i.e. different types of appliances divided according to its usage in one side. While as per brand names on the other side as well as the locations of the stores and directions and maps so that it becomes more user friendly (Brown Gilchrist, 2016). Whereas the website of Binglee.com is recommended to provide little more varieties and details on its each product range so that the clients get different varieties and hence prospect clients are ex pected to join in. Conclusion: The above report dealt with the evaluation of information technology in respect to the objectives and effectiveness, features and accessibility of the websites along with the usability principles in context to Human Computer Interaction. The evaluation has been reported for two nominated websites Binglee and Kogan, both dealing in electronic appliances through e-commerce. The report has been presented on analysis of various aspects like attractive home page, user-friendly accessibility, designing, support for recovery etc. Upon analyzing these aspects, a section on recommendation to improve the respective websites has also been mentioned in the solution. Reference List: Bilbao-Osorio, B., Dutta, S., Lanvin, B. (2013). The global information technology report 2013. Brown, W. L., Gilchrist, W. J. (2016). Assessing productivity to address safety concerns for information technology and promoting global standardization within aviation practices.Global Journal of Information Technology,5(2), 56-61. Cook, D. A., Sorensen, K. J., Nishimura, R. A., Ommen, S. R., Lloyd, F. J. (2015). A comprehensive information technology system to support physician learning at the point of care.Academic Medicine,90(1), 33-39. Hashim, J. (2015). Information communication technology (ICT) adoption among SME owners in Malaysia.International Journal of Business and Information,2(2). Le Bourgeois, T., Thompson, D. I., Guezou, A., Foxcroft, L. C., Grard, P., Taylor, R. W., ... Carrara, A. (2016). Using information technology, communication and citizen science in alien invasive plant management in Kruger National Park, South Africa.Botanists of the twenty-first century: roles, challenges and opportunities: Quels botanistes pour le 21e sicle? Mtiers, enjeux et opportunits, 103. Lee, A. S., Thomas, M., Baskerville, R. L. (2015). Going back to basics in design science: from the information technology artifact to the information systems artifact.Information Systems Journal,25(1), 5-21. Lioukas, C. S., Reuer, J. J., Zollo, M. (2016). Effects of Information Technology Capabilities on Strategic Alliances: Implications for the Resource Based View.Journal of Management Studies. Lohrke, F. T., Frownfelter-Lohrke, C., Ketchen, D. J. (2016). The role of information technology systems in the performance of mergers and acquisitions.Business Horizons,59(1), 7-12. Melin-Gonzlez, S., Bulchand-Gidumal, J. (2016). A model that connects information technology and hotel performance.Tourism Management,53, 30-37. Morgan, T. R., Richey, R. G. (2016). Developing a Returns Competency: The Influence of Collaboration and Information Technology. InLets Get Engaged! Crossing the Threshold of Marketings Engagement Era(pp. 399-400). Springer International Publishing. Rivard, S., Aubert, B. A. (2015).Information technology outsourcing. Routledge. Schnoll, H. J. (2015).E-government: Information, technology, and transformation. Routledge. Schwalbe, K. (2015).Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Star, S. L. (2016). 6 Misplaced Concretism and Concrete Situations: Feminism, Method, and Information Technology.Boundary Objects and Beyond: Working with Leigh Star, 143. Venkatesh, V., Thong, J. Y., Xu, X. (2012). Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology.MIS quarterly,36(1), 157-178. Xiang, Z., Magnini, V. P., Fesenmaier, D. R. (2015). Information technology and consumer behavior in travel and tourism: Insights from travel planning using the internet.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,22, 244-249.

Implications of Credit Crisis to Financial Risk Managers

Good multi-disciplinary working is key to providing high quality patient care. The WritePass Journal

Good multi-disciplinary working is key to providing high quality patient care. Introduction Good multi-disciplinary working is key to providing high quality patient care. IntroductionReferencesRelated Introduction This work aims to establish a meaning of inter-professional, multi-disciplinary, multi-agency and collaborative working and evaluate its success or failure in the provision of good quality patient care. This work will identify models of teamwork and determine. Historically, health and social care organisations have operated independently, each encompassing differing professionals and agencies (Carnwell and Buchanan 2009). Each organisation has operated within its own management structure, policies, procedures and codes of conduct (Glasby and Dickenson 2008). However, effective practice in the twenty-first century recognises that the needs of patients/service users/clients can seldom be met by a single agency, as patients frequently have complex needs which span both health and social care services (Callaghan et.al. 2009). Equally, during the past decade there have been a variety of changes in the context of health and social care provision in the United Kingdom (Carnwell and Buchanan 2009).   Health and social care delivery is moving from the traditional acute care settings into community based settings and patient/client homes (NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement 2006). This transition in service delivery requires health and so cial care agencies to work collaboratively, and in partnership with the patient/service user. Currently there are a plethora of definitions/terminologies used to describe health and social care professionals and agencies working together. Glasby and Dickenson (2008) suggest that partnership/inter-agency working may be defined as; health and social care agencies working cooperatively to provide cohesive care to patients/service users. Miers and Pollard (2009) suggest that ‘interprofessional’ working describes people belonging to a profession relating with one another for the mutual benefit of those concerned. This interpretation suggests a sharing of information and experience by professionals, resulting in a possible outcome unachievable by individuals (Mathias and Thompson 2001). Inter-professional working also incorporates an element of education amongst those involved, improving professional knowledge (Hammick et.al. 2009). A multi-disciplinary team is a term utilised to describe a group of professionals and other staff members, led by a team leader, working t ogether to achieve a common objective (Fraser and Matthews 2008). Lowe and O’Hara (2000) suggest that multi-disciplinary teams aid the development of client focused services, promoting a holistic approach to care delivery. However, it may be argued that traditional professional boundaries are being blurred as professionals strive to deliver quality client-centred care, and this may be evident within multi-disciplinary teams (Baxter and Brumfitt 2008). Nonetheless, a multi-disciplinary team approach may result in an improvement in communication between healthcare professionals which leads to a more co-ordinated service delivery and lessens the likelihood of service users falling between services (Cook et.al. 2001). Multi-agency working relates to several health, social care public, private sector and voluntary organisations working together on a specific task (Day 2006). It may be suggested that multi-agency working may bring agencies together, but also suggests that whilst there is communication between the agencies there is little collaboration, merely the aim of completing the task (Day 2006). However, it is possible to challenge this perception as sharing professional knowledge provides the opportunity to work and learn from one another, resulting in collaborative working (Hammick et.al. 2009). Collaborative working may be described as a complex multidimensional concept necessitating teamwork, communication, cooperation, multi-agency, multi-disciplinary and inter-professional interactions (Suter et.al. 2009). Collaboration requires the sharing of information, knowledge and resources to achieve a desired goal (Suter et.al. 2009). References Baxter, S and Brumfitt, S (2008) Professional differences in interprofessional working, Journal of Interprofessional Care, 22:3 239-251 Callaghan, P, Playle, J and Cooper, L (2009) Mental Health Nursing Skills, Oxford: Oxford University Press Carnwell, R and Buchanan, J (2009) Effective Practice in Health, Social Care and Criminal Justice: A Partnership Approach, (2nd Edition)(Ed), Berkshire: Open University Press Cook, G, Gerrish, K and Clarke, C (2001) Decision-making in teams: issues arising from two UK evaluations, Journal of Interprofessional Care, 15:2, 141-151 Day, J (2006) Interprofessional Working: Expanding Nursing and Healthcare practice, Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes Limited Fraser, S and Matthews, S (2008) The Critical Practitioner in Social Work and Health Care, London: Sage Publications Limited Glasby, J and Dickenson, H (2008) Partnership working in health and social care, Bristol: The Policy Press Hammick, M, Freeth, D, Copperman, J and Goodsman, D (2009) Being Interprofessional, Cambridge: Polity Press Mathias, P and Thompson, T (2001) ‘Interprofessional and multi-agency working’, In: Thompson, J and Pickering, S (2001)(Ed) Meeting the Health Needs of People who have a Learning Disability, London: Bailliere Tindall Miers, M and Pollard, K (2009) The role of nurses in interprofessional health and social care teams, Nursing Management, 15;9, 30-35 NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement (2006) Making the Shift: Key Success Factors: A rapid review of best practice in shifting hospital care into the community, Retrieved on 27th March 2011 from: download.bham.ac.uk/hsmc/pdf/making_the_shift_2.pdf Suter, E, Arndt, J, Arther, N, Parboosingh, J, Taylor, E, Deutschlander, S (2009) Role understanding and effective communication as core competencies for collaborative practice, Journal of Interprofessional care, 23:1, 41-51

How the Impact of the Internet has Affected the Music Industry Essay

How the Impact of the Internet has Affected the Music Industry - Essay Example The Internet has had a profound impact in many areas of life but one of the earliest and greatest of the cultural (and business) impacts has been on the music industry (DiMaggio et al, 2001) both positive and negative. This is an important issue because the growth of the Internet and faster Internet connections has been accompanied by an increase in downloading and filesharing. Once a file is in digital form and on the Internet, it can easily end up anywhere in the world. This is the negative impact, and one of the worst affected industries of this problem has been the music industry (Peitz & Waelbroeck, 2005). The Internet has been both a blessing as a great distribution channel, especially for budding artists, but at the same time, it has posed serious problems because money is not flowing into the music industry as it used to. The situation has therefore spawned efforts for greater digital rights management (Hilts, 2003). The major companies in the music industry are Universal, Wa rner, EMI, BMG, and Sony, and they are all concerned for their very existence.

IT & Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IT & Entrepreneurship - Essay Example Intranets are utilised in order to find along with organise information, which resides within various organisations. Intranet fundamentally acts as front-end to great source of knowledge (ODI, n.d.). Based on this aspect, in the essay, I would discuss about the thoughts concerning the building of pedagogical principles into an intranet. About Pedagogical Principles Pedagogy principles are often regarded as methods of teaching and learning. They are recognised as theoretical procedures for achieving certain goals. The most vital characteristics of pedagogical principles are that they are quite pertinent in nature and equipped with theoretical influence. Pedagogical principles can be used in intranet such as in e-learning for better management of knowledge and better teaching experience. According to my opinion, every teacher has certain unspoken pedagogy, representing teaching method or philosophy. The pedagogy can be derived from evaluating the functions of a teacher (Rubens & et. al ., 2005). From reviewing the work of various authors, I have learnt that the task of a good pedagogical design is to ensure that there are no irregularities prevailing between the prospectus taught and the application of teaching approaches. Thus, in order to accomplish complete consistency, there is need to examine the key assumptions at every phase of teaching and to support them in learning. Hence, in order to build pedagogical principles, there is the requirement to begin with planned learning outcome. Then, there is the necessity of selecting certain effective teaching functions that would support students to accomplish their respective learning outcomes. Ultimately, there is need to develop evaluation activities that can genuinely examine whether the outcome have been accomplished or not. This procedure is simple to describe, but is quite difficult to build on intranet (Monty, 2005). This can be better understood with the help of the following pictorial illustration. Source: ( Mayes & Freitas, 2004). Pedagogical Principles into an Intranet Essentially from various works, I have understood that intranet provides a sophisticated way for teaching and learning. In learning environment, intranet comprises instruction delivered through every internal electronic media. The effort for utilising intranet in learning eventually moves towards complete automation of controlling the teaching and learning procedure by way of several applications. Although use of intranet in learning is recent phenomenon, but the underlying principles of learning, i.e. pedagogical principles have not been included in this technology. Most of the pedagogical principles that are utilised in traditional learning experience can be built into intranet based learning (Govindasamy, 2002). By understanding various concepts of pedagogy, I can define that constructivist pedagogy is often associated with intranet based learning. In this regard, constructivist pedagogical principles inspire learner s to establish their own knowledge based on personal experience and utilise those principles in various fields. In such pedagogical principle, the concentration is on learning, rather than teaching in the social procedure. Constructivism is often regarded as an ideal pedagogical principle for intranet, as it draws on determining the strengths of the medium and overwhelming the weaknesses (Gulati, 2004). Constructivist pedagogy observes students as the core participants of the learning

What is the Ideal Job Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

What is the Ideal Job - Essay Example In some organizations, the employee is forced to work independently and is unable to build social connections with others in their environment. The high level of independent demands, such as meeting short deadlines, do not give the employee any free time to find out about their colleagues’ lives, desires, principles or values. An ideal job has the manager making efforts to build more teamwork and builds opportunities for group meetings so all employees can come to know one another. These efforts build better social belonging to help the employee gain colleague support, a very important emotional need to find the right amount of personal and professional happiness. The ideal job considers the importance of giving employees a sense of security. In many businesses, it is common to outsource to foreign countries as a means of saving costs. It is also common for businesses to try to merge job roles to reduce the number of workers currently on the payroll. Not all jobs are free of t he risk of job loss through layoffs and consolidation especially when staff members are having their jobs sent overseas to low-paying labor environments. An ideal job has the manager reinforcing that their job will not be lost to outsourcing or blending of job roles. Security should be provided by the manager in the form of bonus structures to improve motivation and this shows that the business will try hard to retain their employees. Providing security fulfills an emotional need in the employee and reduces anxiety or constant worry that they will suddenly be without a paycheck or forced to look for a different job. In ideal job works to build self-esteem and self-confidence in the employee. It is one where decision-making is shared through the entire organization and does not just come from high ranking officials.  

Business Plan For Livestock Fodder Company Marketing Essay

Business Plan For Livestock Fodder Company Marketing Essay The idea of the project was derived from market analysis, its demand and supply of camel fodder in Saudi Arabia. The problems which occurred in late 2007 in camel breed were main initiator of idea to develop and place new camel fodder in Saudi Arabia market. Due to contamination of fodder in 2007 which resulted in outrageous more than 2000 camel deaths the investigation was undertaken and the fodder was found to be stored in bad conditions and due to price efficiency, poor quality ingredients of camel fodder were used. We are aware of substances which were found in contaminated fodder. Designing the new product will consider following factors: Purpose of camel breeding (racing camels, beauty contests, general breed) possible nutrition differentiation Camel nutrition requirements Vitamins added value Storage solutions Packing solutions (vacuum packing) Contamination awareness Camel fodder preferences Price sensitivity Product competitiveness Product shape Quality sensitiveness Due to low labour and semi-products costs, production in Poland will give the competitive advantage based on price. Relatively high supply of ingredients in Poland which are essential to produce the fodder will be also advantageous. Our propositions of character of this project as follows: Establishing new brand which will cater for all kind of camel breeders. Opening site which will cover everything from production through packing and dispatch. Establishing supply chain and finding possible sub contractors. Subcontracting all operations to other companies in Poland. This will be less cost consuming and much faster in executing. Branding the product. Objectives Establishing fully working production line of Livestock fodder, prepared for transport Setting up good distribution channels and supply chain which will lead to cost effective and save  transportation to Saudi Arabia We would like to sustain reliable service to our customers In three years from the start we would like to meet 0,377% of total livestock feed demand of Saudi Arabia Which will account on average  sales 3459,4 Tones Per month This figure can be achieved when productivity of production line will be set  at 70 % In first year of operating, we would like to achieve 60%  of all sales contracted for few years ahead Mission Royal  Camel  seeks to  produce the lowest  acceptable price   and by providing the highest quality product and competitive features  as vacuum packaging which affects on much longer storage possibilities. We value our relationships with future customers and hope to communicate our appreciation to them through our outstanding, guaranteed product quality, personal service, and on-time delivery. Our commitment to our customers and the country of Saudi Arabia will be reflected through honest and responsible business. Keys to Success Due to low labour and semi-products costs, production in Poland will give the competitive advantage based on price. Relatively high supply of ingredients in Poland which are essential to produce the fodder will be also advantageous. Reliable and Motivated Hardworking Stuff Reasonably big financial backup will be also key to success as it will secure operational flexibility Well Developed Business network in Saudi Arabia will lead to fast and effective product introduction  in the  market Long term business relationship with suppliers and clients After establishing company in the market, possible product modification according to customer requirements. Developing good marketing strategy, finding new channels of communication with customers. Potential barriers Critical Paths and areas of Slack Products The Royal Camel  company intention is to produce  a fodder which is made from hay. Product Description Competitive Comparison Distinction  of product in competitive market. The product distinction will be based on price and packaging solutions. Customer in the moment of decision will chose product of a better quality. Our packaging will be main factor which will persuade customer of a great quality of the product. The other reason for customer to choose our product  will be  price.  The mix of price and quality will give competitive advantage we are looking for. Comparing to other products, our will not be as complicated notional wise. It is going to be cheaper and available to all customers.   Sales Literature As a part of marketing campaign, we are planning to prepare product brochures which will be presenting our company, supply chain and describing our products. Those brochures will be sent out to core players on the Saudi Arabian Market, to nutrition and big Camel Farms  to inform them about new solution. On the other hand, we will be trying to enter on the Saudi Arabian Market by articles in agricultural magazines and local press. We would like  also to have  also strong support of authorities in Saudi Arabia because at the moment the situation on the  livestock feed market is very close to monopolistic practices which are illegal and  brings also  lack of market balance and safety.    Technology The technology will be based mainly  on one Spanish company which is in the market for over 30 years in the market of industrial machinery. The production line will include the newest technology developed for this kind of product. (See Appendix 1) Dryer Bales grinders Fiber cooling line Milling line Pelleting line Control panels Dryers Project Organisation 8.1 Personell Plan 8.1.1 Management team People responsible for financial planning and all organizational issues 8.1.2 Supervisors   People responsible for  labours productivity during shifts 8.1.3 Secretary   Person responsible for appointments, researches, data gathering, communication and other office duties 8.1.4 Technicians   People responsible for proper line operation 8.1.5 Security   Whole object security 8.1.6 Labours   People responsible for production 8.1.7 Project Consultants Group of external specialists responsible for consultacy 8.2 Personell Plan- Finantial Summary According to Polish Standard pay rates, we have chosen satisfactory (but not very high) amounts. Nevertheless, we expect 10% rise every year as a performance bonus PROJECT CONSULTANTS ARE NOT TAKEN UNDER CONCIDERATION AS THEY ARE GOING TO BE HIRED ONLY FOR PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS Personnel Plan Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Management team à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬33 600 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬36 960 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬40 656 Supervisors à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬10 200 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬11 220 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬12 342 Secretary à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬6 600 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬7 260 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬7 986 Technicians à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬8 400 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬9 240 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬10 164 Security à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬24 000 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬26 400 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬29 040 Labours à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬24 000 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬26 400 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬29 040 Total People 11 11 11 Total Payroll à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬106 800 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬117 480 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬129 228 Company Locations and Facilities The Location the Royal Camel Production Line is going to be based in Poland in small city called Pyzdry.   (52 ° 10 N  /  17 ° 41 E). We will need around: 3200 m2The reason why that particular city has been chosen is because of high amount of grass around the whole area. We were looking for compromise between the land price and richness of the green resources surrounding production line. Moreover we were trying to find places with networking. On the other hand, the choice of Poland because of  cheap labour and high amount of ingredients available. Facilities We expect following Facilities on the production site: 9.1 Production line: Packaging section Shredding section Dryers Cooling section Grinding Section Pelleting Section Pellet cooling section Structures and platforms Control Panel Electricity dispenser 9.2 Offices and canteens Canteen with kitchen Toilets Managers office Secretarys office Conference office Technician office.   9.3 Car Park for labours and gests Legal and contractual issues Risk Assesment SWOT ANALISYS 12.1 Strengths 12.1.1 The Price Value Correlation The main Strength and advantage of Royal Camel fodder will be based on desired correlation between high quality of the product  and low production cost. The price-Value Correlation will be achieved by two advantageous factors: The low production cost  will be achieved by low labour and semi-products costs, so production in Poland will give the competitive advantage based on price. Relatively high supply of ingredients in Poland which are essential to produce a reach and high quality  fodder 12.1.2 Possibilities of longer Storage Due to contamination of fodder in 2007 which resulted in outrageous more than 2000 camel deaths the investigation was undertaken and the fodder was found to be stored in bad conditions and due to price efficiency, poor quality ingredients of camel fodder were used. The final Products of royal Camel will be pellets and bales. Both of them, just after Pelleting and baling process will be packed in vacuum way. This will affect with longer storage possibilities due to lack of air which impacts on reducing the anaerobic and aerobic  bacterias evolution. 12.1.3 High Qualified workforce People responsible for production process will be high skilled and motivated due to innovatory motivation management strategy so we plan that no mistakes and failures will occur within production process. 12.1.4 Best Quality Machines Another very important advantage of business will be cooperation with World class specialists in area of production lines. The Spanish Company will cover whole production line design and  engineering. Moreover, they will take care about first two weeks of production period to  arrange all improvements in process and train people. 12.1.5 Multipurpose solution The last important Advantage of This production line offer is fact that while planning whole investment, we took under consideration other investments of Saudi Arabian Investors in Poland, so if there  was a lack of Horse Fodder For some reasons we will be able to fill the demand extemporaneously at camel fodder expense. 12.2 Weaknesses 12.2.1 Price Limitations The main weakness of Royal Camel base product will be fact that its recipe is limited because of its low price. It means that product will be reach but it wont be a Premium product. However this Problem can be easily overcame by implementing strategy which will allow stretching the brand and preparing the production line of expensive premium product. 12.3 Opportunities The idea of the business opportunity was derived from market analysis, its demand and supply of camel fodder in Saudi Arabia. The problems which occurred in late 2007 in camel breed were main initiator of idea to develop and place new camel fodder in Saudi Arabia market. Due to contamination of fodder in 2007 which resulted in outrageous more than 2000 camel deaths the investigation was undertaken and the fodder was found to be stored in bad conditions and due to price efficiency, poor quality ingredients of camel fodder were used. We are aware of substances which were found in contaminated fodder. Designing the new product will consider following factors: Purpose of camel breeding (racing camels, beauty contests, general breed) possible nutrition differentiation Camel nutrition requirements Vitamins added value Storage solutions Packing solutions (vacuum packing) Contamination awareness Camel fodder preferences Price sensitivity Product competitiveness Product shape Quality sensitiveness As an international company we would like to  share the market with competitors based on Saudi Arabia market and Producers from other countries. 12.4 Threths 12.4.1 To strong competition of ARASCO and sssssssss There are two core competitors on the Saudi Arabian Market. Both of them are well established companies which together  hold over 60% of the market. Nevertheless Royal Camel will be able to cover  0,377%  of the Arabian Livestock Market 12.4.2 Seasonal Fluctuations of Demand It is obvious that demand can change and fluctuate. Nevertheless, we would like to contract  orders onwards with customers Seasonal Fluctuations of ingredients  Price Occurrence The harvest period is between July and August so contracting will be done whole year onwards, nevertheless because of natural disasters like floods, dry weather, wind, the wheat prices can change but according to last years experience, the changes should not be higher than +, 10% 12.4.3 Technical Machines used in our project will be the best and most reliable  on the market, nevertheless, breakdowns are possible and we have to be aware that drops in production fluency are possible. Control of the implementation of the plan Startup Expenses Description Legal issues As a Legal Issues, we understand Lawyers expenses, opening new partnership, advisory etc. Insurance   The insurance of the company is very important  in case of fire, floods and all other unpredicted  threats Building costs of factory   The issue of building costs is counted with material (steel) and cost of assembly Building Cost of office   In case of savings, we have chosen the cheapest solutions (office containers) this solution mixes low costs with high functionality. Instead of building new offices, we will buy ready mobile premises which can be assembled into office Projects   All projects of architects: Factory project, Offices projects land development spatial development Web Design quality sample test Before sales, we will have to send around 20 samples of fodder and check its full specifications Assembly of the Production line   The service of assembling, creating and starting up the whole production line by the Spanish Company Production Line Machines: Shredding:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚      Drying  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Cooling  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Grinding  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Pelleting  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pellets cooling  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Structures and platforms   Packing Land:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Car park land  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Startup Expenses Summary Requirements Legal Issues à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬28 000 Insurance à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬3000 Building costs of factory (steel construction) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬2 200 000 Building Cost of office à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬19 000 Projects à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬4 300 Web Design à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1 000 quality sample test à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬700 Assembly of the Production line à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬232 000 building car park à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬10 000 Total Start-up Expenses à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬2 495 000

Essay --

Kidneys are very important organs. Their main responsibility is to filter harmful toxins from the blood, which are then excreted in the urine. The urine then flows through the ureters and into the bladder. When the bladder is full, the sensation to urinate arises and the urine is emptied through the urethra. Sometimes the crystals that are found in urine bind together and become big enough to develop into a kidney stone. I have yet to encounter anyone who has had this issue, but I have heard from other people that kidney stones can be very painful. Knowing the flow of urine and how small ureters are gives me chills just thinking about the pain someone might have to endure. Kidney stones differ in size and shape and can either be smooth or pointy. They can be the size of a sand particle or the size of a golf ball. There are even some stones that can fill the entire kidney; these are known as staghorn stones. Infections are the usual culprits for this type of stone. Calcium, very common in dairy products, is what the majority of stones are created from. Other chemicals tha...

Different Classes of Shares and the Benefits and the Disadvantages of Each Type of Shares.

Introduction First, we will mention about the purpose of this assignment, which is the benefit that we can gain from doing this project. From this project, it helps us to know the types of shares available in a company, definition of shares and the advantages and disadvantages of shares. From the information, this will enable a person who have interest invest in a company, purchase the shares that are suitable for them, based on the comparison between the advantages and disadvantages of each type of shares. Other than that, we can know the rights that attached to the shares. On the other hand, we will mention that under what relevant case law or relevant sections, the rights of the shareholders will be changed or affected. These circumstances are significant important to those shareholders who want their interest to be protected. For an example, when a company is going to winding up and under the normal situation, preference shareholders will have no right to participate in the surplus assets and profits but under when Section 66 Companies Act 1965, he has the right on it. Lastly, this project will give a fundamental or basic knowledge of each type of shares, the rights as being shareholders, which is useful in future, if we wish to success in our business field. Definition of shares According to Borlands Trustee v Steel Bros Co Ltd (1901), defines shares as the interest of a shareholder in the company measured by a sum of money, for purpose of a liability in the first place and of interest in the second but also consisting of a series of mutual covenants entered into by all the shareholders inter se. According to Section 4 Companies Act 1965 (hereinafter referred as CA’65) defines share as share in share capital of a corporation and includes stock except where a distinction between stock and shares is expressed or implied. In short, shares means that is the capital raised by a corporation, through the issuance and sale of shares. Section 98 CA’65 mentions the nature of share. The share or other interest of member in a company shall be moveable property, transferable in the manner provided by the articles, and shall not be of the nature of immovable property. It means that shares are movable properties, intangible in nature, chooses in action and transferable in nature unless the company is a private company. As according to Section 15 CA’65 private company has restriction of transferring share unless get the consent of all the members. There are various type of share in the market, such as ordinary share, preference share, deferred share, treasury share and others. However, the common one is ordinary share and preference share. Definition of Ordinary Share According to WorldReference. om Dictionary, ordinary share is share other than preferred share; entitles the owner to a share of the corporation's profits and a share of the voting power in shareholder elections. Definition of Preference Share Section 4 CA’65 defines preference share a share by whatever name called, which does not entitle the holder thereof to the right to vote at a general meeting or to any right to participate beyond a specific amount in any distributio n whether by way of dividend, or on redemption, in a winding up or otherwise. According to WorldReference. com Dictionary, preference share is share whose holders are guaranteed priority in the payment of dividends but whose holders have no voting rights. Benefits of Ordinary Share There are several advantages for subscribing the ordinary shares rather than preference shares. First, as an ordinary shareholder, he is a proprietor or owner of the company. A shareholder is entitled to membership rights of the company. It means that a shareholder as a member of the company has full voting rights at any general meeting. Through voting, a shareholder can participate in the management of the company. If the shareholder holds the majority rights (more than or equal to 51% of the rights) he can control the company financial and operating. Section 55 CA’65 says each member of a public company has one vote in respect of each ordinary share. Besides that, as a member of the company, he has the right to receive the notice of general meeting, to request the financial report, to attend and speak during the general meeting, to appoint the director during the general meeting. Moreover, he has the right to appoint proxies in the event that they cannot themselves attend the general meeting. As an ordinary shareholder, when the company is making a lot of profit, or in other word, in the event the company is prosperous, he stand to gain the most than preference shareholder as their dividend is higher compare to the fixed rate dividend received by preference shareholder. Furthermore, in the scenario of company winding up, an ordinary shareholder has the right to participate a share in any surplus assets of the company plus the repayment of his capital. Besides that, the Articles of Association require the company to offer any further shares it proposes to issue to the ordinary shareholders before offering them to outsiders, and usually the new shares are offered to the existing shareholders at a lower price than they would be offered to the outsiders. Disadvantages of Ordinary Share As a member of the company, ordinary shareholder is the main risk bearer of the company. It means that these shares carry a right to a dividend limited only by the size of the profit made by the company and are paid after the preference shareholders. They will be the last to receive the dividend. The dividend receive is in the form of non-cumulative dividend and the rate of dividend is not fixed, means when company did not declared dividends for this year, the dividends will not accumulated to next year and the amount is not secured. Under Section 365 CA’65, dividends are only payable out of the company’s profit. In the event that there are no profits, they will not receive any return of their investment. In fact, the company has no obligation to declare and pay dividend as the director can retain profits or capitalize the profits in the form of bonus share. However, when the company is making profit continuously for some years but director does not declare any dividend, the shareholders can apply to the court and sue the company under Section 33(1) CA’65 where Memorandum of Association and Article of Association constitute contractual effect between company and members, and where members right are affected, they can sue the company. In the scenario of winding up, ordinary shareholders will be the last to receive the repayment of capital. The next disadvantages of ordinary shares s that the issue of shares may result in diluting the shares held by the existing shareholders particularly directors who also are shareholders. It simply means the directors may lose control of the company unless they buy the new shares. Types of Preference Share There are several types of preference share: Cumulative preference share – If the dividends are cannot be paid in one year or the company does not pay the full dividend on preference shar es in any year the preference shareholder will be entitled to have the amount deficiency made up in later year before any dividend is paid on ordinary shares. Non-cumulative preference shares – the holder of such shares are only entitled to the specific rate of dividend out of the current year. If in a year the profits do not warrant payment of a dividend, the arrears are not carried forward to the subsequent year. Participating preference shares – the holders of such shares are entitled to a preferential dividend if the specified fixed rate before the ordinary shareholders. After the ordinary shareholder has received their dividends, the participating preference shareholder will participate further in any profit remaining together with the ordinary shareholders in the surplus assets. Moreover, they can also participate in surplus of assets with ordinary shareholders when the company is wound up. Redeemable preference shares – these shares may be redeemed by the company at a stated redemption price after a specified time. The redemption must be effected only on such terms and condition and in such manner provided by the Articles of Association. It means that the shares are not redeemable before the specific time and the company must buy back the shares at the price stated and at the specific time. Convertible preference shares – these shares carry the right to be made convertible, at the option of the holder, into another class of shares, normally into ordinary shares. General Advantages of Preference Shares Unless the Articles of Association or otherwise provided, generally, preference shares that are issued had the rights to a fixed dividend per share to be paid whenever there is sufficient profit, before any dividend is paid to any other member. The preference shareholders are more secured as ompare to ordinary shareholder as they have the priority to receive their return of investment than ordinary shareholder especially when the company is having ‘bad time’ where the profits is uncertain. Moreover, preference shares are presumed to carry a right to cumulative dividends where their dividends will become payable at the next year. Further more, preference shares are given the right to be repaid the nominal value of each share when the company is wound up before any capital is returned to other members. They are entitled to be repaid their capital of investment before the ordinary shareholders. General Disadvantages of Preference Shares Unless the Articles of Association or otherwise provided, generally, preference share does not entitle the holder to the rights to vote at a general meeting. Their voting rights to are often limited only during their dividends in respect of the share are in arrears, upon a proposal that affects rights attached to the share (variation of class rights), or upon a proposal to wind up the company. In short, they have limited right to vote, no right to attend general meeting, limited right to some of the company decision making. Thus, when a company is going to raise fund, they are willing to issue further preference share rather than ordinary share because of the limited voting rights. Even though directors issued more preference share to the stranger (public), they still maintained their majority voting and financial control of the company. Therefore, preference share are the best alternative for the directors of the company. The next disadvantage is they have no rights to participate beyond a specified amount in any distribution whether by way of dividend, or on redemption, in a winding up or otherwise. Different from the ordinary share, preference share is paid in a fixed dividend rate. They cannot participate in the surplus of profit or assets during the company are wound up. Thus, they have less return of investment especially during the company prosperous time. Rights of Holders of Preference Shares to be set out in the Memorandum of Association or Articles of Association Section 66(1) Companies Act 1965 mention no company shall allot any preference shares or convert any issued shares into preference share unless there is set out in its memorandum or articles the rights of the holders of those share with respect to: Repayment of capital – it should state that when the company is winding up, they would have the right to claim the nominal value of each share before any capital is returned to ordinary shareholder. Participation in surplus assets and profits – it should state that when the company is winding up and there is surplus of assets and profits, the preference shareholders entitled to have a share of it with the ordinary shareholders. Cumulative or non-cumulative dividends – it should state that the preference shareholders would receive either cumulative dividend as according to general rules or non-cumulative dividends as same as ordinary shareholders. Voting – it should state that either the preference shareholders would have the rights to vote in meeting or not. Priority of payment of capital and dividend in relation to other shares or other classes of preference shares – it should state that either the preference shareholders or ordinary shareholder have the priority to the issued or payment of capital or dividends or both of have the same priority? The purpose for such requirement is to enable the prospective and existing preferential shareholders to ascertain easily the rights attached to their shares. Section 66(2) CA’65 mention if default is made in complying with this section the company and every officer of the company who is in default shall be guilty of an offence against this Act. Penalty: Two thousand ringgit CONCLUSION Our assignment topic is â€Å"explain the different classes of shares and the benefits and disadvantages of each type of shares. † In our presentation, we had discussed about the different classes of share that is – ordinary shares and preference shares. We had explained about the definition of ordinary share and preference share and their characteristics. Beside that, we also discuss about the benefits and disadvantages of them. In our opinion, both of them got their advantages and disadvantages. When company is decide whether to issue ordinary shares or preference shares are depending on the situation. If the director wishes to maintain the control over the company then they should issued preferences shares to raised capital rather than issuing ordinary shares. However, the company also needs to consider the ability of paying back the interest and capital if issued the preference shares as they deem as external creditors that have the priority of repayment of capital than ordinary shareholders.

Blue Sky Software Consulting firm - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Blue Sky Software Consulting firm - Smart Custom Writing Importance of waterImportance of water in human body Water can be defined as a clear, odorless, tasteless, and colorless liquid that is very crucial for most animal and plant life and the most commonly used as compared to other solvents. It is well known that, water is the most abundant substance and very crucial in the human body. Human mass consists of about three quarters of water and this is the major constituent in all cells within the body. Water plays critical roles in the human body, for instance provision of a medium in which blood cells bath, regulation of body temperature, improving digestion, carrying the absorbed nutrients throughout the body, and it is used in the elimination of waste and toxic substances from the body (Claybourne, 2006). Blood in the human body consist of 95 percent water. Water provides a medium in which blood cells bath such that it allows for exchange of materials like nutrients in and out of the cells normally. The average normal body temperature for human body is 37 degrees Celsius. Water ensures that, during the normal conditions of the body, the temperature does not exceed this limit by more that 1 degree Celsius. Through sweating, human body can lose excess heat and this account for 22 percent of the ways the body loses excess heat. Water has a characteristic latent heat of vaporization such that when it gets at the surface of the skin as sweat, it will absorb the excess heat and evaporate as it attains about 100 degrees Celsius (Claybourne, 2006). Water is very vital during the process of digestion in human beings. The ingested food needs to be softened so that it can be acted on by enzymes. For example in the mouth, that saliva contains water, mucus and the ptyalin enzyme. This enzyme can work on the cooked starch arriving at the mouth after it has been moistened. Water provides for a medium in which nutrients are dissolved after digestion has taken place. Nutrients in solution form get absorbed into the blood circulatory system from where they are assimilated into various body cells and tissues for metabolism. After metabolism, waste products which result need to be eliminated. Waste products dissolved in water get their ways out of the body cells and tissues into blood. These waste products are carried to active excretion cites for example skin, lungs, and kidneys (Rosdahl Kowalski, 2008).   Dehydration can be defined as the process by which human body, body part or even an organ loses water due to fluid deprivation or illness. Dehydration is very common in children, infants, and seniors. Young children and infants lose more body water during vomiting or diarrhea. Seniors can also lose water due to vomiting and diarrhea but not as much as in the case of infants and young children. One can realize that he or she is undergoing dehydration when the mouth becomes dry and sticky; having sunken eyes which may not produce tears; feel lethargic, sleepy and tired; the urine out becomes low and its usually dark yellow in color; and experience muscle weakness, headache or dizziness. It is very important to drink a lot of water daily, for instance 8 glasses so that to ensure normal percentage of water in the body. Infants should also be given oral rehydration salts appropriately (Organization, 1976).   References Claybourne, A., (2006). The Human Body. London: Evans. Organization, W., (1976). Treatment and Prevention of Dehydration in Diarrhoeal Diseases.  Ã‚   Geneva: World Health Organization. Rosdahl, C., Kowalski, M. (2008). Textbook of Basic Nursing. Hagerstwon: Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

Negligence Essay Example

Negligence Essay Example Negligence Essay Negligence Essay Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Negligence A negligence lawsuit must satisfy four main elements for it to be successful. They include the defendant owing a duty to the affected, they must have violated this duty, the violation of the duty should have resulted in harm to the affected and this injury must be a foreseen accident by a normal person. These elements make it possible for a negligence lawsuit to take place. Mrs. Smith will prevail in her lawsuit against the manufacturer of the truck that led to the death of her husband, Ford Motor Company. This is because all the elements of negligence have been met in accordance to the facts given concerning this case. This lawsuit will triumph due to the negligence law that serves to protect individuals from injury due to negligence whether intentional or unintentional. This legal concept (negligence) enables the affected party to obtain compensation in the case of the occurrence of any accidents. From the case study provided the first element of the lawsuit was proven. The defendant in this case was Ford Motor Company while the plaintiff was Mrs. Smith. The defendant owed a responsibility to the plaintiff, in this case that of selling a good and road worthy vehicle to them. The defendant should have ensured that the truck was in acceptable condition before authorizing the sale to the plaintiff. This would have ensured that the plaintiff was safe when driving the truck and was not exposing himself to unnecessary risks. It was negligent in the case of the truck manufacturing company since they ignored their duty to the plaintiff. Mrs. Smith’s lawsuit has satisfied this requirement because the defendant owed a duty to the plaintiff but did not honor it resulting in the death of Mr. Smith. The second element that requires being satisfied is that the defendant must have dishonored the duty that they had to the plaintiff. In this case, the plaintiff’s duty was violated by the sale of a truck that was not in satisfactory condition. The truck sold to the plaintiff’s company had a defective alternator. Even after the routine checks, the problem was undetected, it was only noticed when the truck suddenly stopped as the driver was delivering some goods to a customer. By the sale of a car with a faulty alternator, the motor company has violated the duty it had to the plaintiff and the lawsuit against them will prevail since this element has been proven without reasonable doubt. Another element required for the negligence lawsuit to be considered is that the violation caused by the defendant resulted in harming the plaintiff, Mr. Smith. Because of the negligence of the company, it authorized the sale of a faulty truck to Greene. This resulted in the truck being stalled in the middle of the highway and the subsequent accident that befell Mr. Smith that results in his death. This is because the alternator is a device that controls the electrical system of the truck including the emergency lights. This flaw made the plaintiff leave the truck and manually signal to the other drivers in order to avoid them hitting the truck. This is when a mini-cooper ran into him as the truck in front of it swerved away from the truck. Therefore, the negligence of Ford Motors resulted in the death of the plaintiff however indirectly it may seem. The last element that will make this lawsuit viable is that the injury of the plaintiff was predictable by a regular person. The faulty alternator is an extremely important device in the every car, and most people know this. This is because it regulates the electrical system of the car. It is general knowledge that the emergency lights are controlled by the electrical system, and if this system is malfunctioning, it puts the life of the driver at risk. The injury of the plaintiff in this case was, therefore foreseeable by any reasonable person. Mrs. Smith’s lawsuit will prevail because it has satisfied all the requirements needed.

Importance of community health nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Importance of community health nursing - Essay Example Hospitals are mostly the place of being exposed at the bedside nursing but now community health nursing is a field that is as important to the society. Being in a baccalaureate program had given me intrigue and more opportunities to explore my career in community health nursing. The primary mission of community health nursing is improving the overall health of the population through health promotion, illness prevention, and protection of the public from a variety of biological, behavioral, social, and environmental threats (Clark, 2008). Community health nursing has contributed so much to the social and healthcare reform. Moreover, the importance of this nursing field has created great changes in how nursing is being provided to an individual. There are significant events that the community health nursing established, such as the World Health Organization (WHO), Communicable Disease Center (CDC), and American Red Cross. Public health nursing has led to many of the policy revolutions that helped bring family planning, workplace safety, and maternal child health services to people in need(â€Å"Nursing,† 2008). The global impact of community health nursing is not only around the nursing aspect but also around the cultural side of the society. Access of healthcare for the population is very diverse and with the government assistance to fund such different outreach programs, the choices of which a community needs health services are easily available for them. The importance of which is that the person is being treated at the convenience of there home, there community or people around them. The increasing availability of health care services such as community health nursing contributes to a better society especially in the nonurban areas, and elderly population. With the rising increase in the elderly population, illegal immigrants, and uninsured individual in the United States, community health services has provided care in a way that health

SAM 451 UNIT 5 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SAM 451 UNIT 5 - Assignment Example lso indicates that the cholera occurrences have also been directly hampering tourism in Cuba, which contributed around 2.5 billion to the US economy in 2011 (Orsi, â€Å"US issues advisory for Cuba over cholera cases†). As the report directly indicates the interrelation between cholera cases and tourism development of the Cuban economy, it can be referred as creative statistics. Another statistical report, published in the article titled, â€Å"ACT: Third of high school grads not college ready†, postulates increasing trend of high school graduate students deciphering their unwillingness to go to college. According to the latest survey, it was found that 31% of the students in the US are not ready to go to college, mainly owing to their educational lacunas of learning and applying at the college level. The article further reported that this decline in students’ willingness to go to college, may in future expand the gap between students’ perceptions and abilities with that of the projected job statistics (Elliott, â€Å"ACT: Third of high school grads not college ready†). Hence, imbalances in the US society might be caused owing to fluctuations in the job market, as a consequence of students’ unwillingness to pursue college level studies. This also addresses a creative field of economic development, and thus can be affirmed as a creative statistics illustration. Elliott, Philip. ACT: Third of high school grads not college ready. The Associated Press, 2013. Web. 24 May 2013.

Does Each Country Have A Unique Style Of Leadership Essay

Does Each Country Have A Unique Style Of Leadership - Essay Example The unique style of leadership is useful in transforming the potential into reality. It is the ultimate action which brings into success all the current potentials that an organization and the allied people have into reality. Leadership is about changing the mindset of the people to accomplish the desired goals and to move the organization or the country forward. Nevertheless, it is important to explore the fact that there is no one best way of leadership. The need of every area is different and the style of leadership depends on various factors. An organization might be effective by following a democratic style of leadership and the other by the transformational approach. This is because the demographics of every country and organization are different with dissimilar objectives. Hence, the similar form of leadership might not be effective and lead to the failure of the organization. Furthermore, leadership is based on strong effective pillars which include commitment, character alon g with increasing the level of consciousness. Leadership is unique and effective only when it brings about desired results for the enrichment of the people. Leadership is about building interpersonal skills, competencies, along with influencing and building teams for the accomplishment of the desired level of standards. The uniqueness of leadership is of significance for the effective performance of an organization. The evaluation of the unique traits of the leaders can enable to reach a justified conclusion regarding whether each of these countries demonstrates a unique style of leadership.

Science Department Essay Example for Free

Science Department Essay Every student has unique study techniques and strategies that fit him or her. Studying at night might be suitable for one student but not for all. Theories are major components in education. Many years have pass and I’m still open for another approach in learning for the betterment of my education. Spoon feeding might be good in some areas or field but not in some. During theoretical approaches I learned a lot but my knowledge was more enhanced when they were put into application. During laboratory activities a particular topic is more expounded and it even inspires me to pursue my education due to the fact that it injected me not only the importance of it but also the fun in doing it. Another thing is the laboratory report. New ideas were learned to ensure that the report is accurate and it also helped me think critically. The subject helped me discover the skills that I have to develop. One of those is the skill in conducting a study. I need to know more about the topic first and even search for the previous work which is related to it. I know everything should be developed and that’s one of the skills that I want to be expounded. Evolution explains the history and diversity of life. The evidences are used to formulate such theory: fossil records and comparative anatomy, embryology and biochemistry. These are used by the researchers to trace the human origin or the origin of life. It is supported by the vestigial structures and biogeography. The theory was developed by Charles Darwin. In his theory he said that man came from apes. Many factors causes particular specie to evolve, one is the environment. Due to it, specie will adopt and thus genetic build up change in a span of time. What interests me with this area of biology is the question: does man came from apes? Although there are many evidences but might be a missing link. Most likely, this can be answered if I learn the theory had its evidences. Metabolic processes have a wide area or field of study. Metabolism is defined as a chemical reaction by which molecules are broken down to produce energy. This energy also uses to build up complex molecules. A simple example of this process is the taking in and digestion of foods to nutrients. There are two types of this process; catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism is a process used to release energy and anabolism is a process used to build up tissues by the use of energy. These processes are very essential to life. Through this are of biology I could learn some knowledge to develop a study that could help attain a perfect metabolism. I want to learn more about how cells and nutrients react and how the chemical reactions occur and help these processes. Genetics is an interesting field of biology. Molecular genetics is a study of the structure and function of genes in a molecular level. This field is the one responsible for mutation and the regeneration of some specie. This study uses the molecular information to determine the patterns of descent or origin. A plant is composed of highly structured components that it can even be compare to human beings. It has also cells that made it a living structure. When it comes to plant, I’m really amazed how a seed can survive a long period of time without water or anything for his survival and even some are dried but when planted, there he goes; a new creation appears that gives beauty and life. This are is so interesting. Even plants finds a way to get light from the sun that’s why there are many trunks are bended due to this characteristic. Homeostasis often described as the resistance of a body to change. Our body has a mechanism that can control the internal equilibrium of the body. When the temperature of our body rises, our body releases a liquid that will serve as a radiator in the form of sweat. This is used to attain the body normal temperature which does not exceed thirty seven degree Celsius. When our anti-bodies can no longer fight the bacteria, our body temperature rises up. Everything in homeostasis is involuntary. We cannot control it, only the environment, also, when our body is in cold, our body shivers. In this manner the muscles in our body will generate friction due to the collision of molecules and will release energy in the form of heat. What I like most in this area is the ability of our body to do as such. I want to learn more about this topic for me to be aware what really will happen to my body in a particular environment or I could even predict how my body will react. Population dynamics is the study marginal and long term changes in quantity or number of a specie. This can be age composition of an individual, weights or several populations. This is commonly used in animal management. This study can determine how long a particular animal be harvest. This can also determine how long and how many will be harvested in a particular time. This also includes the mortality rate and the birth rate of particular specie. This is very useful in animal raising. I want to learn how to compute or determine how fast and how much particular specie will survive in a given environment. This can be useful in conducting studies about biosphere or the artificial environment. Everything in this subject is very essential and interesting that’s why I choose to take this class. I believe that everything I need to learn, the basic or even the sophisticated one, will be learned in this class. Another reason also is because I have tried previous classes and found its worth, I take this. The strategies and evaluations are good. The laboratory activities, reports, and the like makes me feel the significance of this class. To further deepen my knowledge I need to learn through this. Grades or marks do not really matter. They are only the basis and ensure that I know something. What’s important is the knowledge that I can acquire in taking this class but of course it will be good if I’ll get a high marks. This class will only be called a success to me when everything written on the syllabus will be inculcated in my mind and be used in application. Everything is uncertain, of course. I do not know what exactly will happened but I know it will be for my good. What I need to do is to study hard and listen to every discussions. If ever I missed something or I want something that could add my knowledge I will not hesitate to ask. It will be better if I’ll be a fool for a singlke time than be a fool for the rest of my life. What I’m trying to say is that the shame will not matter even if I’ll be the last person to know the information I’ll still ask, remember knowledge is power. I guess I have nothing to suggest because I thing everything goes well and good as what I’ve known. I guess the research work will we enhanced to further improve and broaden the knowledge of the students. As what I’ve stated, research really helped the students to be more resourceful and to think critically. Work cited: Fletcher’s Meadow Science Department (2007). Retrieved January 28,2007 from http//:fmssscience. com Molecular Genetics (2007). Wikipedia Foundation, Retrieved January 28, 2007 from http//:en. wikipedia. org/wiki/molecular_genetics

The Second World War (WWII) - Identities Honored :: World War 2 II Two

JOE FOSS PAGE Joe Foss was born in 1915 to a Norwegian-Scots family in South Dakota. He learned hunting and marksmanship at a young age. Joe Foss was inspired by Charles Lindbergh, especially after he saw Lindy at an airport near Sioux Falls. Five years later he watched a Marine squadron put on a dazzling exhibition, led by Capt. Clayton Jerome, future wartime Director of Marine Corps Aviation. In 1934, Joe began his college education in Sioux Falls, but he had to drop out to help his mother run the family farm. However he scraped up $65 for private flying lessons. Five years later he entered the University of South Dakota again and supported himself by waiting on tables. In his senior year he also completed a civilian pilot training program before he graduated with a Business degree in 1940. When he graduated he enlisted in the Marine Corps reserves as an aviation cadet. Seven months later, he earned his Marine wings at Pensacola and was commissioned a second lieutenant. For the next nine months he was a "plowback" flight instructor. He was at Pensacola when he was notified about Pearl Harbor, and since he was Officer of the Day, he was placed in charge of base security. Thus he prepared to defend Pensacola from Jap invaders, riding around the perimeter on a bicycle. He was then ordered to the aerial photographers school and assigned to a VMO-1, a photo reconnaissance squadron. But he insisted he wanted fighter pilot duty, even after being told he was to old at the age of 27. After lengthy lobbying with Aircraft Carrier Training Group, he learned all about the new F4F Wildcat, logging over 150 flight hours in June and July. When he finished training, he became executive officer of VMF-121. Three weeks later, he was on his way to the South Pacific, where Americans were fighting t change the momentum of the war. Arriving in the South Pacific, VMF-121 was loaded aboard the escort carrier Copahee. Joe Foss fits well into this book because he is an example of an ambiti ous leader and at this time of need thats what was very important. Joe Foss was one of the success stories of his age. He represented his generation well and is commended with a story in this book. GEORGE SHULTZ George Shultz was a man who accomplished many things in his life. He graduated from Princeton University in 1942 and recieved a B.

Alternative Dispute Resolution Essay -- ADR Business Management Negoti

Alternative Dispute Resolution Consider carefully the facts of the case study and advise Eagle Aviation Ltd. and Aircraft Ltd. of the alternatives to litigation in the ordinary courts and the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative form of ADR. This submission will identify and define each form of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) including each of the forms advantages and disadvantages. It will also compare and contrast each form of ADR and consider which form or forms would be beneficial to both Eagle Aviation Ltd and Aircraft Ltd Alternative Dispute Resolution or ADR can be defined as â€Å"any method of resolving a legal problem without resorting to the legal process† (Darbyshire, 2001). ADR is now becoming more and more favorable particularly within the court system as an alternative to traditional forms of litigation (Practice Statement [1994] 1 ALL ER 34, Cresswell, J) (Practice Note [1996] 3 ALL ER 383 this is as litigation is a process that can be costly, time consuming and complicated, therefore ADR is an alternative which can be useful to all parties involved. The leading forms of ADR are; Arbitration, mediation, conciliation and negotiation. ADR is not legally binding with the exception of Arbitration, however in Mediation when a solution has been reached and agreed by each party once it has been written and signed by the parties involved it does then become a legally binding document. ADR will only be successful if both parties involved are in agreement with the outcome this of course can become increasingly difficult if the parties refuse to speak to each other, In these cases litigation may be the only viable solution, however ADR is ideal where it is important that each party maintains an unblemished relationship with the other party involved this is especially important within the business community. Arbitration is one of the oldest forms of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) it is governed by the 1996 Arbitration Act (AA) and is part of the Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS). The Act states in Section One that the object of Arbitration is â€Å"to obtain the fair resolution of disputes by an impartial tribunal without necessary delay or expense† (Slapper and Kelly, 2003) Arbitration can only transpire if both parties involved agree to it, it is the only form of ADR t... ...ional decision without the situation getting out of hand. Each party will in turn be able to state what they feel is the nature of the dispute before negotiating a suitable outcome. Negotiation is slightly different to Conciliation and Mediation as the person negotiating acts on ‘your’ behalf and represents and looks after ‘your’ interests, a successful negotiator will be able to reach a conclusion where they are able to achieve most of their parties wishes but without causing the other party to feel they have lost and therefore detach themselves from the rest of the negotiation process and then choose to pursue a litigation option. Conciliation can be seen as a form of Mediation in fact some people say that the only difference between them is that Conciliators have more power than Mediators as they can â€Å"suggest grounds for compromise and the possible basis for a conclusive agreement† (Slapper and Kelly, 2001). Conciliation like Arbitration is part of ACAS and like Mediation tries to allow parties to decide an outcome between them that suits them both, however it does not always guarantee that a dispute will be settled and will not proceed to litigation anyway.

Access to Medicines in Developing Countries Essay

One of the appalling statistics that came out of a survey in 2000 was the percentage of the HIV/AIDS infections in Africa. It was reported that nearly 80% of the total number of affected people was from this continent. Now if this report sounds dreadful, one might get a bigger shock by looking at the picture of modern healthcare methodologies in Africa. Despite being a developing nation, Africa gets scarcely one percent of modern drugs. The value of all medical drugs transported to Africa amounts to the expenses spent on advertising by the leading pharmaceutical companies in the United States of America. Under the light of this reality, this paper is going to discuss the genuine scenario in developing countries that don’t have an affordable access to life-saving medicines. It might be noted that access to medicines is a fundamental human right, and there is a yawning gap between crisis and cure in a capitalistic social setup. Due to increased political pressure, many drug manufacturing companies have been forced to review their business strategies and produce medicines that are relatively less expensive. Moreover, it is also mandatory to formulate a well-organized delivery system that would ensure a proper and timely delivery of the medicinal goods to Africa and other Third World countries. Modern healthcare remedies are needed to be deployed in order to combat the menace of HIV and other diseases in the underprivileged tropics. (â€Å"Access to Medicine in Developing Countries†, 2000) Access to medicine in developing countries has always been a matter of great disputation, mainly because of the convoluted interaction between macroeconomic development, patterns of diseases and healthcare requirements and provisions. It has been an inescapable paradox for many countries where the national economic status can only be attained by improved health status. Hence, lack of supply of life-saving drugs hinders the scope and opportunity of national healthcare. (â€Å"Improving Access to Medicines in Developing Countries†, 2005) The impoverished countries find it a mammoth task to meet both ends successfully. It has been proposed that only a large scale international funding can inject some fruitful results in the context of healthcare and economic boost. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) are working together to provide the best possible framework for improved health status as well as the macroeconomic development of developing nations. WTO is primarily concerned with the organized growth of a capitalist, free market global economy. On the other hand, WHO is focused on improving health conditions by providing healthcare models that can be applied to both developed as well as developing nations. Institutional and public sector frameworks play a crucial role in realizing the objectives of WHO to the best possible extent. The newly incepted Global Health Fund is working relentlessly to provide remedies for HIV/AIDS, TB and Malaria. The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS agreement) are held, in some cases, as obstacles for access to essential medicines in developing countries. Ever since WTO finalized the TRIPS agreement in April 1994, this issue has been a matter of great debate. The main problems in accessing medicines, as viewed by experts, are the increasing expenses, which can shoot up to 66% of total expenditure in developing nations. Today’s scenario as far as having access to essential medicines is concerned is an alarming one, with more than one-third of the world’s population are deprived of indispensable drugs. According to the WHO, developing countries, especially those in Asia and Africa, must be provided with an all-encompassing solution in terms of health priority problems, and they must be able to gain access to life-saving medicines at an affordable deal. To make matters worse, the poorer section of societies in developing countries find themselves all at sea due to their inability to physically access life-saving drugs. So both availability and affordability are the key areas of concern. Now under these circumstances, the introduction of strong and worldwide product patents for drugs, as implemented through the TRIPS agreement, may cause drastic increase in prices for essential medicines. The ‘legal monopoly’ that comes with such rigid patent system prevents anybody from producing, selling or distributing medicines in an unauthorized manner. Even if there is no patent laws, access to medicines is going to be a problem for the developing countries, due to adequate purchasing capabilities and required infrastructure. Majority of the medicines for HIV/AIDS are still under ‘live’ patent coverage. It doesn’t make for affordable access to such medicines either. And since more than 95% of HIV/AIDS affected people are from developing countries, and 50% of them belong to the productive age group of below 25 years, serious socio-economic consequences are perceived with very little signs of relief. Before TRIPS were put to effect, most developing countries and some developed countries did not impose patent laws on medicines even if they were manufactured with innovative technological aids. But today, most of these nations being WTO members have to enforce the patent laws laid down by TRIPS. This has led to hike in prices of patented medicines. It is worth noticing that even under the TRIPS guidelines, patents are to be given only on applications received from 1995 onwards for new therapeutic inventions. So any medicine manufactured before 1995 should not be unaffordable for the developing nations. Manufacturers of the newer and more innovative pharmaceutical products file for patents only in countries where business of piracy runs rampant. Parallel import of drugs is another important issue that came into consideration after the TRIPS agreement. The Intellectual Property Rights owners of specific brands of medicines face problems when goods, legally distributed in the market of one country, are imported to another without the necessary legal authorization. Now, as long as there is no discrepancy in Intellectual Property Rights in two different countries, article 6 of TRIPS defends parallel import. But considering the economic side of such imports, it might be noted that price of the same medicine in one country may rise or fall to a great extent in another. So developing countries, without violating the Intellectual Property Rights protection, may find a way out to access essential but expensive drugs from its neighboring countries. (Watal, J. 2000) In addition to what is discussed above, one must bear in mind the supply side process concerning manufacture and distribution of medicines. The specific issue related to accessibility to medicines is directly linked with the development and implementation of more efficient and cost-effective measures in manufacturing and distributing drugs. A number of speculative theories and ideologies have been put forward to address the issue of maximizing the available resources to achieve a standardized health status around the globe. However, the aim of this paper is not to get into a particular ideological standpoint, or to promote distinct solutions, but to gain a deeper insight into the real constraints of manufacturing and distributive activities. One has to take into account the diverse theoretical concepts, the macroeconomic environment of international economics and technological nuances of the pharmaceutical sectors. Once we identify the constraints, it will be easier to suggest feasible solutions in terms of easy and regular access to medicines for the developing countries. The policies adopted by pharmaceutical companies are worth taking a look at.